Nuclear Waste Storage

Tools for the assessment of multi-barrier systems
Radioactive waste is planned to be safely stored, adopting an engineerd multibarrier system in deep geological formation. The disposal needs to ensure the isolation of the waste from the external environment for hundreds of thousands of years. The long term duration represents a major challenge for safety assessment. The metal canister containing the vitrified waste will be emplaced in a deep underground tunnel, excavated in a clayey geomaterial, and backfilled with bentonite clay.Several interacting physical phenomena take place simultaneously during the waste disposal life, making any prediction for the reservoir behaviour a challenging subject. In this sense, the understanding and modelling of the thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) behaviour of these materials have to be accurately addressed.
Research Group for Nuclear Waste Storage:
Professors
Post-doctoral researcher
PhD students
Research Projects:
Beacon – Bentonite mechanical evolution
The project aims at improving the numerical models for predicting the behaviour of bentonite seals, buffers and backfills in the context of deep nuclear waste disposal. The focus is on understanding the homogenisation of the material that will take place upon water uptake from the surrounding host rock. Robust numerical tools, able to predict the long term performance of such elements are key technical issues for the implementation of planned geological disposals.



Geomaterial behaviour in partially saturated conditions
In the concept of the nuclear waste repository, both the natural and the engineered barriers will come across unsaturated conditions. The partial saturation affects the mechanical response of the geomaterials. Understanding and characterising the behaviour of unsaturated geomaterials composing the multi-barrier system is, therefore, one of the main issues. Several advanced devices are available in our laboratory allowing to analyse experimentally swelling behaviour, mechanical response in unsaturated conditions, water retention behaviour and liquid and gas transfers.

Shale immersed in water: degradation over time
Thermo-Hydro-Chemo-Mechanical behaviour of Shales
Shales are not only considered as a suitable soil for the storage of high-level nuclear waste. They also provide perfect cap rocks for oil and gas reservoirs. This makes their behaviour an exciting subject of research for the civil and environmental engineer
During well boring pressures of tens of MPa and temperature up to 100°C are recorded. Such in-situ conditions are not easy to reproduce in the laboratory. Also, various fluids can be adopted to improve drilling efficiency. This fluid interacts with the shales with which it is in contact, inducing chemo-mechanical effects. LMS is currently researching the influence of salts on saturated soils and shales.

Thermo-hydro-mechanical constitutive modelling
A variety of phenomena occurs during wetting, drying, heating or mechanical loadings. The swelling behaviour, thermal collapse, wetting collapse, and the isothermal mechanical behaviour must all be included in a constitutive model. Based on concepts from the Cam-Clay model, our model, ACMEG, has been extended and tested to reproduce the key behaviours of unsaturated soils. It is currently expanded to other problems such as anisotropy or chemical couplings.

SKB Task Force on Engineered Barrier Systems
The objective of the International Task Force on Engineered Barriers, managed by the Swedish company SKB, is the development of general and effective tools for the advanced coupled THMC analysis of buffer and backfill for High-Level Waste repositories (https://www.skb.se/taskforceebs/). Our task focuses on the numerical modelling of gas flow in the compacted bentonite buffers. The scientific goal is to improve the predictive capabilities of the numerical tools to be used in the long-term safety assessment of the repository. Partners are Nagra (Switzerland), UPC (Spain), and Intera (Switzerland).
Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical 3D Modelling of the FE-Experiment in Mont Terri
The Full-scale Emplacement (FE) Experiment at the Mont Terri Underground Research Laboratory (URL) mimics the construction, waste emplacement, backfilling and early-stage evolution of a high-level waste repository tunnel, using heaters instead of canisters. In this context, Nagra has established an international modelling Task Force with the aim of validating and calibrate the available numerical Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical frameworks. The final aim is to assess the impact of repository induced effects on the long-term performance of the radioactive waste multibarrier storage system. Partners are Nagra (Switzerland), UPC (Spain), and BGR (Germany).

Numerical modelling of the Hydro-Mechanical behavior of shales in a real excavation context
In recent years, significant efforts have been made to characterize the hydromechanical response of Opalinus Clay shale. These data enable to improve the available numerical tools to better describe the real response of the formation in an excavation context. New features are being added to the theoretical approaches, and the calibration and validation of the models are enhanced by the analysis of the new laboratory and field data. Significant efforts are also devoted to the identification and interpretation of the site variability of the hydromechanical properties of Opalinus Clay. The main partner of these project is Nagra (Switzerland).
PhD Research Projects
Ongoing:
Performance assessment of FEM models to simulate THM effects in the rock around the FE-tunnel – Matthias Wojnarowicz
In recent years, the design and safety assessment of nuclear waste repositories has been a significant field of engineering research due to the increasing amount of high-level nuclear wastes related to power plant decommissioning. In this framework, the development of reliable numerical tools to simulate geological repositories’ long-term response is of paramount importance. Due to the complexity of the involved phenomena, prior rigorous verification and validation procedures should be established to prove the reliability of the numerical simulations. In this context, the Laboratory of Soil Mechanics (LMS) from EPFL contributes to an international modeling task force dedicated to modeling nuclear waste emplacement in collaboration with Nagra and Mont Terri URL. The Full-scale Emplacement (FE)-M project, located in the Mont Terri facility, is a long-term experiment created to study the construction, waste emplacement, backfilling, and early-stage THM interactions following the Swiss High-Level Waste Repository concept. This research aims to analyze the collected data from the field experiment and benchmark THM codes and models with the task force participant, emphasizing the development of reliable tools for the calibration of the THM model parameters.
Gas-Induced Impacts on the Barrier Integrity of Deep Geological Repository of Radioactive Wastes – Qazim Llabjani
In the scope of European Joint Programme on Radioactive Waste Management (EURAD) for the Work Package 6 – “Mechanistic understanding of gas transport in clay materials” (WP6-GAS), Task 3 – “Barrier integrity”, the contribution of the Laboratory of Soil Mechanics (LMS) of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL) aims at gaining a mechanistic understanding of the hydro-mechanical phenomena and processes, associated with the gas‑induced failure of clay barriers and with the effectiveness of self-sealing processes along gas-induced pathways in the clay barriers of a geological repository. In this context advanced experimental set-ups are required to ensure the application of well-defined hydro-mechanical initial and boundary conditions during gas/water injection, feeding in the development and testing of numerical process models. The evaluation of achievements is accomplished by model-supported data analyses, predictive modelling and the application of newly developed modelling tools on in-situ experiments.
Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical Behavior of the Callovo-Oxfordian Claystone Under Thermal Loading – Héloïse Fuselier
Geological formations involved in deep storage of nuclear waste undergo multiphysical actions that can impact their behavior and the repositories safety. Among these action, the temperature elevation due to the exothermic nature of the waste is a critical stage of the repository life that induces complex thermo-hydro-mechanical processes in the host formation. In addition to the experimental investigation of these processes, the development of constitutive models able to describe the response of the material is essential to predict their impact on the host formation integrity and on the repository safety. In this context, the Laboratory of Soil Mechanics partner with ANDRA (France) to develop modeling tools able to reproduce and predict the behavior of the Callovo-Oxfordian claystone (COx) under thermal changes. This thesis aims to develop a new constitutive model in the framework of thermo-plasticity extended to damage to describe the complex behavior of the claystone, and to assess its performance through the numerical modelling of large scale in-situ experiments.
New insights for Chemo-hydro-mechanical modelling of engineered geological barriers – Svetlana Babiy
Compacted expansive clays, given their features (e.g., low permeability, high swelling pressure, and self-healing upon wetting), are employed in various engineering applications of particular importance to modern society. In particular, they are engineered geological barriers for protecting from pollutants within geosynthetic clay liners and engineered geological barriers for radioactive wastes within geological disposals. As a result of their role, these clays are subject to various environmental and mechanical actions that can alter their short- and long-term efficiency. The saturation state and chemical composition of the pore water are recognized as very relevant in conditioning the elasto-plastic mechanical response of expansive clays. Thus, understanding the underlying mechanisms will give new insights for modelling and design geological barriers.
Completed:
Studies on the mechanical evolution of compacted bentonite subjected to environmental actions – Jose Bosh
Deep geological disposal is currently the most feasible option for the long-term isolation of radioactive waste, consisting in emplacing the waste into tunnels or drifts excavated at great depths in suitable geological formations. The use of bentonite, a highly expansive clay, is considered in many repository designs as backfill and sealing material because of its favorable properties. Throughout the lifetime of a repository, the bentonite will be subjected to a series of environmental actions, mainly heating, as a result of the decaying radioactivity of the waste, and hydration from the groundwater flow of the surrounding rock. This thesis aims at advancing the understanding of the mechanical behaviour of bentonites subjected to environmental actions by means of a coupled hydro-mechanicalmodelling framework.
Publications
2019/2018
Recent Publications
Hydro-mechanical behaviour of shallow Opalinus Clay shale
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In Switzerland, Opalinus Clay shale has been selected as the host formation for radioactive waste disposal. The minimum required depth of the repository is related to the long-lasting isolation required for the disposal (1 million years). During this period, possible erosion scenarios affecting the repository need to be analysed. Opalinus Clay from shallow depths (< 70m) was sourced from a borehole in Northern Switzerland, where the formation was affected by a considerable exhumation process. This work aims to investigate the impact of the mentioned phenomenon on the hydro-mechanical behaviour of Opalinus Clay through one-dimensional consolidation and permeability measurements.
Engineering Geology
Jan 24 2019
Vol. 251 , p.214-227.
DOI : 10.1016/j.enggeo.2019.01.016
Consolidated-undrained triaxial testing of Opalinus Clay: Results and method validation
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Highlights
-An alternative procedure to “conventional” testing of clay shales is presented.
-The robustness and advantages of the procedure is demonstrated.
-The impact of inappropriate strain rate on test results is highlighted.
-The procedure decreases test complexity and rig time (10 to 20 days) significantly.
Geomechanics for Energy and the Environment
2018
14, p. 16-28.
DOI : 10.1016/j.gete.2018.01.003
Anisotropic behaviour of Opalinus Clay through consolidated and drained triaxial testing in saturated conditions
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This paper investigates the anisotropic hydro-mechanical behaviour of Opalinus Clay shale, the host material currently being considered for the construction of a nuclear waste repository in Switzerland. Consolidated and drained triaxial tests on Opalinus Clay from the Mont Terri URL have been conducted in order to derive information on its strength and stiffness properties. Opalinus Clay specimens were tested both parallel to bedding (P-specimens) and perpendicular to bedding (S7 specimens). The considered effective confining stress range (from 2 to 12 MPa) has been selected in order to reproduce possible in-situ stress conditions for the repository. In this work, particular attention has been paid to the experimental procedure in order to ensure consolidated conditions and avoid generation of unwanted excess pore water pressure during drained shearing.
Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering,
2018
51,5, 1305-1319.
DOI : 10.1007/s00603-017-1398-5
Previous Publications
2016
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Thermo-mechanical volume change behaviour of Opalinus Clay
Favero, V., Ferrari, A., Laloui, L. (2016) International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 90, pp. 15-25.
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On the hydro-mechanical behaviour of remoulded and natural Opalinus Clay shale
Favero, V., Ferrari, A., Laloui, L. (2016) Engineering Geology, 208, pp. 128-135. DOI: 10.1016/j.enggeo.2016.04.030
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One-dimensional compression and consolidation of shales
Ferrari, A., Favero, V., Laloui, L. (2016) International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 88, pp. 286-300. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmms.2016.07.030
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Anisotropic volumetric behaviour of Opalinus Clay shale upon suction variation
A. Minardi, E. Crisci, A. Ferrari and L. Laloui. (2016) Geotechnique Letters, vol. 6, p. 1-5,
2015
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Hydro-chemo-mechanical characterisation of sand/bentonite mixtures: with a focus on the water and gas transport properties
D. Manca, L. Laloui and A. Ferrari (Dirs.), Thèse EPFL, n° 6790, 2015
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Constitutive analysis of shale: a coupled damage plasticity approach
F. Parisio, S. Semat and L. Laloui. , International Journal of Solids and Structures, vol. 75-76, p. 88-98, 2015.
2014
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Experimental analysis of the water retention behaviour of shales,
A. Ferrari, V. Favero, P. Marschall and L. Laloui. , International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, vol. 72, p. 61-70, 2014.
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Water retention behaviour and microstructural evolution of MX-80 granular bentonite during wetting and drying cycles
A. Seiphoori, A. Ferrari and L. Laloui., Geotechnique, vol. 64, num. 9, p. 721-734, 2014.
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Numerical Analysis of Canister Movements in an Engineered Barrier System
F. Dupray and L. Laloui, Acta Geotecnica, pp. 1-15, 2014
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An experimental and constitutive investigation on the chemo-mechanical behaviour of a clay,
P. Witteveen, A. Ferrari and L. Laloui, Bio- and Chemo- Mechanical Processes in Geotechnical Engineering, p. 32-43, 2014
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Thermo-hydro-mechanical characterisation and modelling of MX-80 granular bentonite
Seiphoori, A., PhD Thesis 2014, EPFL Ecole polytechnique fédéral de Lausanne.
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Shot-clay MX-80 bentonite: an assessment of the hydro-mechanical behaviour
Ferrari, A., Seiphoori, A., Rüedi, J., Laloui, L. Engineering Geology -Amsterdam-, vol. 173, p. 10-18, 2014.
2013/2008
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THM coupling sensitivity analysis in geological nuclear waste storage
Dupray, F., Li, C., Laloui, L., Engineering Geology -Amsterdam-, vol. 163, p. 113-121, 2013.
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Multiphysical Testing of Soils and Shales
L. Laloui, A. Ferrari, Springer, 2012.
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An advanced calibration process for a thermo-hydro-mechanical triaxial system
Seiphoori, A., Ferrari, A. and Laloui L. Deformation Characteristics of Geomaterials, 2011, vol. 1, p. 396-403.
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New experimental tools for the characterization of highly overconsolidated clayey materials in unsaturated conditions
Salager, S., Ferrari, A. and Laloui L. In: Mechanics of unsaturated geomaterials, Laloui, L. (ed.), John Wiley & Sons, 2010, p. 113-126.
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An oedometer for studying combined effects of temperature and suction on soils
François B. and Laloui L. Geotechnical testing journal, vol. 33, num. 2, 2010, p. 112-122.
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ACMEG-T: Soil Thermo-Plasticity Model
Laloui L. and François B. Journal of Engineering Mechanics, vol. 135, num. 9, 2009, p. 932-944.
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Explaining thermal failure in saturated clays
Hueckel T., Laloui L. and François B. Géotechnique, vol. 59, num. 3, 2009, p. 197-212.
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Thermo-hydro-mechanical simulation of ATLAS in-situ large scale test in Boom Clay
François B., Laloui L. and Clément L. Computers and Geotechnics, vol. 36, 2009, p. 626-640.
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On the use of the generalised effective stress in the constitutive modelling of unsaturated soils
Laloui L. and Nuth M. Computer and Geotechnics, vol. 36, num. 1-2, 2009, p. 20-23.
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Advances in modelling hysteretic water retention curve in deformable soils
Nuth M. and Laloui L. Computer and Geotechnics, vol. 35, num. 6, 2008, p. 835-844.
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Finite element modelling of thermo-elasto-plastic water saturated porous materials
Sanavia L., François, B., Bortolotto R., Luison L. and Laloui, L. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, vol. 38, 2008, p. 7-24.
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Experimental investigations of temperature and suction effects on compressibility and pre-consolidation pressure of a sandy silt
Salager S., François B., El Youssoufi S., Laloui L. and Saix C. Soils and Foundations, vol. 48, num. 4, 2008, p. 453-466.
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ACMEG-TS: A constitutive model for unsaturated soils under non-isothermal conditions
François B. and Laloui L. International Journal of Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, vol. 32, 2008, p. 1955–1988.
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Numerical simulation of the non-isothermal mechanical behaviour of soils
Laloui L. and Cekerevac C. Computers and Geotechnics, vol. 35, 2008, p. 729-745.
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Effective Stress Concept in Unsaturated Soils :Clarification and Validation of an Unified Framework
Nuth M. and Laloui L. Int. Journ. of Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics., vol. 32, 2008, p. 771-801.
Media
2019
Laboratoire Mont-Terri: Dr Alessio Ferrari’s interview with RTS
2018

“The future of nuclear waste” – interview with Prof. Laloui
2017


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2015
Alessio Ferrari, research associate at the LMS was interviewed by the Swiss radio television about the choice of the potential sites for the nuclear waste disposal.
2012
Prof. Laloui gave a conference about nuclear waste storage in Sion on 19 January 2012:
Prof. Laloui was interviewed on January 19, 2012 on Radio Chablais about the Nuclear Waste Storage solutions investigated in Switzerland.
2011
Burying the nuclear wastes
Interview with Prof. Laloui about the nuclear waste storage solution chosen in Switzerland.
Archive
GAST Experiment
The Gas-Permeable Seal Test (GAST) was initiated in 2010 and conducted at the Grimsel Test Site (GTS, Switzerland) to demonstrate the effective functioning of gas-permeable seals at realistic scales and under realistic hydraulic conditions.
FEBEX: Full-scale Engineered Barriers Experiment
Modelling of the bentonite and the repository design. Partners are ENRESA and UPC (Spain), NAGRA (Switzerland), SKB (Sweden).
SHARC2: Shale Research Centre consortium
This consortium unites the state-of-the-art knowledge and research on shales of both oil industries and nuclear agencies. The Shale Research Centre’s objectives are the experimental and theoretical characterisation of gas shales properties and the analysis of problems related to reservoirs performance. Partners are CSIRO (Australia), NAGRA (Switzerland), BP (U-K), Total (France), SINOPEC (China).
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